China Under Deng Xiaoping

1. Describe the struggle for power following Mao, the emergence of Deng Xiaoping and the defeat of the gang four.

After Mao died, there was no clear successor, which created a power vacuum. The two main groups fighting for power became: The Maoists, which were the gang of four, and moderates, such as Deng. At first the Maoists/ the Gang Four seemed by gaining control, but then a few months after Mao's death, they were arrested and convicted of numerous crimes. Two were imprisoned, and two were sentenced to death. Deng gained his power through his close relationships, and allowing his allies to gain power before he did. That way when he gained full power, he had other allies in power already.

2. Describe some of the economic policies and the Four Modernizations for China under Deng.

The Four Modernizations plan included modernizing agriculture, industry, science and technology and national defense. It helped China to open her doors for foreign investment and international trade, it also helped the economy, mostly due to agriculture. Another thing Deng attempted to do was to overhaul the state and Part bureaucracies, to get rid of corruption . Deng also introduced some elements of capitalism, and changed to focus of industry. The focus of industry became to weaken central planning, introduce material incentives, and use market-related pricing policies. Also private business were allowed to be open.

3. What were the political limits and changes under Deng and how did these culminate to Tiananemen square conflict in 1989?

Many students in China were protesting for democracy in China after the death of Hu, and after the government and tightened its grip on the people and their freedom. A little before this, protests had been outlawed, and the government threatened the students to disperse, but did nothing, until June 3 1989, where they killed several hundred people. However, under Deng China also opened her doors to international trade.

Gaddis Chapter 4

I: Main Idea: Decolonization

1. Decolonization starts as the Cold War is just starting: US didn't support colonization

2. Worried about countries that have just gain independence, will become communist?

3. Forced US and SU to do exploits elsewhere, for example Korea or Vietnam

II: Main Idea: Non-Alignment

1. Some countries that had just gained independence thought not taking side would be best choice

2. Nasser- Toyed with SU and US to get things he wanted for Egypt

3. US and SU lost power in Middle East, "Since we are about to get thrown out of the [Middle East], we might as well believe in Arab nationalism" 128

III: Main Idea: 2nd option for small nations other than non-alignment

1. Threaten with possibility of collapse

2. Korea- US supports South, SU supports North (129-130)

3. China and islands (131-132)

4. Vietnam

IV: Issues with NATO/ Warsaw

1. Not wast to control alliances within the NATO and Warsaw pacts

2. Germany: East Germany suffering a bit

3. German determining everything, SU and US had no power over that

V: Mao and De Gaulle

1. France/ De Gaulle cause problems for US: Won't work with them (139-140)

2. Mao causes trouble for the SU (141-143)

VI: Main Idea: The young generation

1. Cause internal conflicts

2. Education become more important, and baby boom causes a lot more younger educated people

3. Mao deals with them through cultural Revolution

VII: China and the US

1. SU and Chinese relations get bad

2. US and Chinese have common interests (150)

3. Nixon was invited to China

VIII: Discontent in SU/ Containment

1. Feeling vulnerable

2. Invasion into Czech- fail

3. New strategy of containment- Ostpolitik

4. Cold War goes beyond state power

Cold War Terms

Berlin:

-After the Yalta Conference Berlin was split into West and East Germany

-Become a "Sphere on Influence." USSR controlled the East and the Western Powers controlled the West, especially the US. Created Competition

-Eventually the Berlin Wall was built- showed the Communists were loosing power. Berlin fall fell in '89

-West was democratic and East was authoritarian

Gorbachev:

-Last head of the state of the USSR

-Wanted to revive the Soviet economy and fast paced technological modernization and industry

-Perestroika: for radical reforms

-Glasnost: Gave new freedoms to the people, including more freedom of speech

-Wanted to have better relations with the West

-Helped end the Cold War- pulled troops out of Afghanistan and asked for no further nuclear arms to be made

Cold War Terms

Gaddis- Chapter 3

I: Main Idea: Lenin and Wilson: How capitalism will end

1. Marx and Sybil warned that capitalism would soon fail. Communism was behind but would soon succeed.

2. Social welfare state- US solution to save capitalism

3. Wilson 14 points

II: Main Idea: Capitalism vs Communism

1. Authoritarian vs. Democratic revolution

2. Capitalism declines after WWII, authoritarian dictatorships more appealing

3. Doubts within US about capitalism

III: Main Idea: Need to save capitalism

1. Cold War changes views on capitalism=good

2. UN- Stalin wanted nothing to do with since it was to save capitalism

3, 3 important speeds: Stalin, Churchill and Truman

4. "There are, in short, two worlds instead on one" (98)

IV: Main Idea: Stalin Control

1. Purges

2. Harsh on Eastern Germany and Berlin- used force and fear

3. Wants western powers to chose communism- though they would

V: Main Idea: US taking lead- SU responds

1. "... communism suppressed freedom. It would also have to demonstrate that capitalism could sustain it"

2. Capitalism needed to show hope not fear

3. Marshall Plan- Stalin tightens grip

4. North Atlantic Treaty Organization- Stalin becomes more harsh on his countries

VI: Main Idea: Beria

1. New Leader of SU after Stalin

2. Suspended Purges, ended Korean War

3. Wanted a reunified democratic German state- riots break out and he was killed

VII: Main Idea: Khrushchev

1. Wanted to take on the legacy of Stalin

2. Denounced Stalins crimes- 1st time communism showed it could make mistakes

3. Other communist states do this- rebellions, Khrushchec crushes them

4. Mao advises SU- Marxism-Leninism now inseperable from Stalinism

VIII: Main Idea: Mao

1. Wants to be like Stalin, but didn't like to deal with him

2. Doesn't want to transform peasant

3. Great Leap forward= worse than Stalin's Five year plan

IX: Communism failing

1. Many people in East Germany want to go to West Germany

2. Berlin Wall- East Germany didn't feel threatened, but showed communism was desperate

X: Main Idea: Capitalism thriving

1. "And on the other side of the wall,capitalism was succeeding" (115)

2. Premises of communism was wrong- capitalists did learn from history

3. Many people died under communism

Gaddis Chapters 1 and 2

Chapter 1

I: Main Idea: Similarities and differences between the US and USSR

1. There were a few similarities in their history, and how each country came to exist, but each country in that present day were extremely different, and the differences were vast

2. US was a free society, USSR was an authoritarian society

3. Different views on postwar settlements, US has a strong economy, USSR has a stabile government

II: Main Idea: What Stalin Wants after WWII

1. Thought since Russia gave up so much ,they should get a lot from treaties

2. Thought capitalists would fight among each other, then Stalin would gain world power

III: Main Idea: US involvement in war

1. US wants security, and usually remained isolated

2. Became model for the world. Wanted to keep allies and make sure they stay strong after the War

IV: Main Idea: Trust diminishing between Allies

1. Second front: Western powers didn't enter to help USSR for awhile

2. Spheres of influence: Stalin doesn't keep promises of Yalta conference, Western powers have no trust

3. Atomic Bomb: Western powers didn't tell Stalin

V: Main Idea: Containment

1. Because of the Kennan telegram, US decided to keep Communism contained

2. Truman Doctrine

3. Marshall Plan- Stalin falls for it, and tightens grip

4. Blockade of Berlin and North Atlantic Treaty

VI: Main Idea: No trust of anyone

1. Espionage- limiting trust within countries

2. Mao gets control- US wary: Sino-Soviet Treaty

3. Soviet Union gets own A-Bomb really quick

VII: Main Idea: Korean War

1. USSR helps North Korea

2. So US goes and helps South Korea

3. A limited War

VIII: Main Idea: No security

1. Ideologies are different

2. Fear

Chapter 2

I: Main Idea: How weapons were used in the past

1. Once weapons were made they were ready to use

2. Technology advanced as well as lethality

II: Main Idea: New Tactic

1. In the past once weapons are made they would be used

2. Now A-bombs are too lethal

III: Main Idea: No one wants and Atomic Bomb war

1. All counties, including Stalin, thought that the world would basically end if war happened

2. Stalin didn't want to show his fear

IV: Main Idea: Korean War

1. Don't use Atomic bombs because of the fear

2. US doesn't want to be defeated too badly

V. Main Idea: Still need to keep advancing with technology

1. Allowed countries to feel secure

2. H-bomb: both US and SU have the technology

VI: Main Idea: Eisenhower becomes new president

1. He didn't want to prepare for a limited war, just for an atomic bomb war

2. Didn't want to go war, especially after BRAVO

VII: Main Idea: IF war happens

1. The US said they would use all weapons they had

2. Their goal: to prevent any future war. Didn't want another World War

VIII: Main idea: Khrushchev

1. Boated a lot

2. Threatened the West a lot

3. Very different than Stalin

IX: Main Idea: Tensions build

1. US sends U-2 spy planes over SU

2. SU finds out and say they will test another H-bomb

3. Kennedy gets bad, so SU carries through with the test

X: Main Idea: Cuban Missile Crisis

1. The US was afraid Communism would spread

2. reasons for SU sending missiles still unsure

3. Major distrust

XI: Main Idea: SU and US starting to come to agreements

1. So much fear on both sides come to agreements

2. MAD

3. The Limited Test Ban Treat

4. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

5. Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement and more to keep security

XII: Main Idea: Like Life of Pi

1. Both countries want to survive